As the U.S. military shifts its focus back to fighting more traditional, near-peer adversaries like Russian or Chinese troops, the services are building out plans to revamp their gear to deal with better-equipped forces backed by money and technology from world powers.
That extends all the way down to the clothing and equipment each of these adversaries could be wearing into battle, including sophisticated body armor.
“Snipers in USSOCOM units have a capability gap in their ability to penetrate enemy body armor, small boat engines and concrete barriers, ” Crane researchers said in a slide presentation at this year’s National Defense Industries Association Armaments Symposium.
The Principle Of Armor Piercing
But that round is expensive at more than $10 per cartridge, can damage modern small arms accessories like suppressors and muzzle brakes and doesn’t hold zero when switching from a traditional jacketed round to the AP round. That makes it difficult for snipers to go from one round to another and hit their target in the heat of battle.
So researchers at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Crane, Indiana, are looking at a new way to make the rounds cheaper, easier on snipers’ guns and more ballistically consistent with common, jacketed bullets.
Dubbed “aeroshell” projectiles, the Crane engineers want to build and test bullets with a tungsten penetrator jacketed in a polymer shell. Federal Ammunition, a civilian ammo company, makes rounds with similar characteristics dubbed “Syntech.
How Do Armor Piercing Bullets Work?
These rounds are typically used by competitive shooters who shoot many rounds in practice and at matches and want to preserve barrel life and diminish spawl from hitting steel targets.
Crane researchers want to take the same thought process and apply it to a new AP round. The actual penetrator could have a slightly different shape than the current rounds, with more of a traditional bullet profile than today’s needle-like AP round penetrator.
Researchers plan to create about 150 rounds of this new aeroshell AP round in .338 Norma Mag, 300 Norma Mag and 6.5 Creedmoor. They plan to test the rounds against representative body armor at 100, 400, 800 and 1, 000 meters.
Russian (and Soviet) Armor Piercing Fin Stabilized Discarding Sabot...
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Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot
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Navy, Marines set to launch second iteration of Large Scale ExerciseIn all, the exercise will use nine maritime operations centers and six carrier strike groups across seven U.S. fleets.Armour-piercing discarding sabot (APDS) is a type of spin-stabilized kinetic ergy projectile for anti-armour warfare. Each projectile consists of a sub-calibre round fitted with a sabot. The combination of a lighter sub-calibre projectile with a full-calibre propellant charge allows for an increase in muzzle velocity compared to full-calibre rounds, giving the round increased armour-petration performance. To further hance their armour-petration capabilities, APDS rounds typically feature a harded core made from tungst or another hard, dse material.
For a giv calibre, APDS ammunition can effectively double the armour petration of a gun wh compared to full-calibre rounds such as AP, Armour-piercing Capped (APC), and Armour piercing Capped Ballistic Cap (APCBC) projectiles.
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APDS-rounds were commonly used in large calibre tank guns up until the early 1980s, but have since be superseded by armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS) projectiles, which use fin-stabilization and can be fired from smoothbore guns.
British soldiers manning a 76.2 mm Ordnance QF 17-pounder anti-tank gun during World War II. Third soldier from the left is holding an APDS round.
Armour piercing discarding sabot munitions were developed to increase petrating performance of anti-tank projectiles by gerating higher impact velocity. A larger projectile would require a completely new weapon system, but increasing velocity faced the limitation that steel armour-piercing (AP) projectiles shattered at velocities above about 850 m/s wh uncapped. Tungst carbide, with twice the dsity of steel, was se as a solution, due to its greater hardness and ability to withstand shock and pressure, but its greater weight reduced velocity.
On The Influence Of Fracture Criterion On Perforation Of High Strength Steel Plates Subjected To Armour Piercing Projectile
In the 1930s, to increase terminal velocity without increasing diameter, gineers working for the Frch Edgar Brandt company developed saboted ammunition, in which a heavier sub-calibre core was surrounded by a lightweight sabot (the Frch word for a clog or the hard outer layer of hooves; however Brandt himself used term propulsive basal member in his glish patts), that was retained for the duration of the flight until impact. They fielded two calibres; the 75 mm/57 mm for the 75mm Mle 1897/33 anti-tank gun and 37 mm/25 mm for several 37 mm gun types just before the Frch-German armistice of 1940,
Before evacuating to the United Kingdom, to join ongoing anti-tank ammunition developmt efforts there. The British term for this construction was Armour-Piercing, Composite Rigid (APCR)
While the sabot improved short range effectivess, the additional drag caused the performance of the shot to fall off dramatically with increasing range. Betwe 1941 and 1944, Permutter and Coppock, two designers with the UK Armamts Research Departmt (ARD), developed a sabot that was discarded immediately after leaving the barrel, so the smaller, heavier, sub-projectile could carry on at the much higher velocity, suffering less drag due to its smaller diameter.
Msm Group 125 Mm Armor Piercing Fin Stabilized Discarding Sabot Tracer Apfsds T Tapna
In mid-1944, the resulting APDS (the 'D' standing for discarding) projectile type was introduced into service for the UK's 57mm QF 6-pounder anti-tank gun and later in September 1944 for the 76mm QF 17-pounder anti-tank gun.
The sabot of a large calibre APDS consists of a light high strgth alloy full diameter pot and base unit, which is screwed together. The front part of the pot has three-four petals (sabots) which are covered with a ctring band (oft a nylon derivative). The rear half has a rubber obturator and driving band (again nylon) held in place by the screw-in base unit. The base unit, if a tracer elemt is attached to the sub-projectile, has a hole located at the ctre. Before firing, the sub-projectile and sabot are locked together.
Due to the high setback forces (g-forces), friction betwe the pot and sub-projectile allows spin to be transferred, thus stabilising the sub-projectile. Small/medium calibre APDS use a lightweight high strgth alloy base pot and three or more plastic petals. To transfer the spin to the core in small/medium calibre weapons, the core tds to have a notch at its base. Under bore acceleration, which can be higher than 100, 000 g, the unev base is forced into the softer pot material, locking the sub-projectile to the pot and imparting spin.
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Not all small/medium calibre APDS rely on this technique, another method for spin coupling is by using the forward plastic petals. The petals are of a slightly larger diameter than the lands in the rifled bore. This forces the petals tightly against the core, increasing the friction betwe them and allowing the spin to be transferred.
The sub-calibre projectile consists of a high dsity core with a petrating cap, closed within a high strgth sheath (steel) with a lightweight alloy (aluminium-magnesium alloy) ballistic cap. For modern small/medium calibre APDS projectiles, the core is not sheathed and the ballistic and petrating caps are combined. A tracer elemt may be added to the APDS sub-projectile, for large calibre weapons this is part of the outer sheath, for small/medium calibre weapons it is contained within a hollow cavity in, or attached to, the base of the core.
Most modern APDS projectiles use high strgth shock resistant tungst alloys. The main constitut is tungst, alloyed or sintered with/to cobalt, copper, iron or nickel. Very few APDS use depleted uranium (DU) titanium alloy for the petrator material
Material Solutions For Vehicle Armour Technology
Wh a large calibre APDS is fired and while still within the bore, the setback forces shear the forward petals, partly unlocking the sub-projectile from the sabot, but still holding it rigidly within the pot. Gas pressure is used to delay the unlocking of the pins holding the rear part of the sub-projectile by gyroscopic forces. Once outside the barrel, the pins, ctring band and forward petals are released or discarded by projectile spin, the aerodynamic drag removes the pot/base unit.
As an APDS sub-projectile does not require driving bands and the core is supported at the base and ogive region, a far more aerodynamic projectile shape can be chos. This, in combination with the sub-projectile's higher sectional dsity, gives the resulting sub-projectile vastly reduced aerodynamic drag in comparison to full-calibre tungst-core projectiles, such as armour-piercing, composite rigid (APCR). Both the higher initial velocity and the reduced drag result in higher velocity at impact. This also lowers flight time and improves accuracy. Accuracy can suffer if there are unwanted sabot/sub-projectile interactions during discard.
The sequce upon impact of the APDS projectile, for example the 120 mm L11, as used on the Chieftain tank, fired L15 APDS
Motis Ordnance Category
(muzzle velocity 1370 m/s), goes as
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